typhoon caloy 2006

[56] One fisherman claimed to survive for two weeks in the open seas before being rescued, although he later confessed that he was safely on another boat, and wanted his family to retain the disaster compensation; after the man revealed that he had lied, his family was able to retain the relief funds due to their poverty. [11] Soulik tracked northwestward around a ridge, slowly intensifying due to wind shear in the region. As Shanshan neared Taiwan, the Central Weather Bureau and local officials warned of flooding and high winds. On September 26 the Japan Meteorological Agency named this system Xangsane. The ship was chopped into small pieces and I don't know where they brought the remains. [nb 5][21] The storm killed eight people in Guangdong, five of them due to traffic accidents, and a further 15 in Fujian. The name Prapiroon was submitted by Thailand and is the name of a Thai rain deity. It made its first landfall near Casiguran, Aurora early on November 11, crossed the Lingayen Gulf and its second landfall on Barangay Lucap, Alaminos about 8 hours later. Durian also crossed the basin and into the North Indian Ocean basin, the first time since 2003. The flooding from Jelawat ruined 200 square kilometres of farmland and destroyed 190 houses.[23]. CMA kept it as a tropical storm until it made landfall in Vietnam in the morning of September 25. Shanshan quickly strengthened and was upgraded into a severe tropical storm on September 11 and a typhoon later that day. Peak gusts on Iriomote reached 155 mph (248 km/h). [45] Ultimately, the government provided storm victims with ₱415.1 million (PHP, US$7.6 million)[nb 4] worth of relief supplies. Even after full protection though, Apo Reef suffered extensive damage from the climate change-spurred super typhoon Caloy in 2006. Later, high waves killed one person in Okinawa and left another person missing, while rains extended into South Korea. Chanchu reached typhoon intensity and made its first landfall over in Samar on May 11, and several hours later, it struck Mindoro at Category 2 typhoon intensity. A tropical disturbance northeast of Yap developed sufficient convection to be designated a tropical depression on July 8. This is due to the observed warming of sea-surface temperatures in the Niño 3.75 region and current patterns within the Central Pacific, indicating slightly higher activity. [2] Around that time, Chanchu made landfall near Shantou, Guangdong in southeastern China,[1] about 315 km (195 mi) east of Hong Kong;[12] the JTWC estimated landfall winds of 130 km/h (85 mph),[1] while the JMA estimated them at 110 km/h (70 km/h). [53] Another ridge west of Soulik turned the storm northward, and the influence of both ridges caused Soulik to become nearly stationary about 100 km (65 mi) south-southwest of Iwo Jima. The typhoon killed at least 19 people, many of whom drowned, and left 15 missing in the northern Philippines. While the storm was active, the JTWC upgraded Chanchu to a super typhoon with peak 1 minute winds of 250 km/h (155 mph),[1] although the agency later downgraded the peak winds to 230 km/h (145 mph). Hong Kong Observatory identified a tropical depression about 360 kilometres east-northeast of Xisha on September 12 and issued Standby Signal No.1 accordingly. The word "Bilis", submitted by the Philippines, means speed or swiftness. By September 9, the system became more extratropical in nature and was last noted by the JTWC at that time.[47]. Sonamu began interacting with nearby Tropical Storm Wukong on August 15, with the outflow from the stronger Wukong producing unfavourable shear over the cyclone. Metro Manila was not spared, when the typhoon reached it … Sustained winds in the territory reached 96 km/h (60 mph), while gusts reached 146 km/h (91 mph), both recorded at Tate's Cairn. As Ewiniar moved across the country, it passed within 30 miles (48 km) of Seoul. [25], The trough that engulfed Chanchu drew moisture from the typhoon, leading to heavy rainfall in portions of South Korea that reached 144 mm (5.7 in) on Jeju Island. Typhoon Utor crossed Visayas with minimal damage; and Tropical Storm Trami, a very weak system that didn't affect any landmasses became the final tropical cyclone and dissipated on December 20. [57] Sustained winds on the island reached 58 km/h (36 mph) and gusts reached 122 km/h (76 mph), although there was no damage in the region[58] Waves up to 7.6 m (25 ft) affected the Bonin Islands. [74] The Padang barangay of Legazpi City was severely affected with a large portion of the town covered in mud up to houses' roofs. Fish and other predators had to leave the reef and look for food elsewhere. Aftermath of Typhoon Caloy. In 6 hours, Durian intensified from 90 kn 1-minute sustained winds to 125 kn winds. Entering the PAGASA Area of Responsibility on December 18 as it maintained minimal tropical storm intensity, it was named Tomas. For the Philippines, the season began with Super Typhoon Chanchu (locally known as Caloy), which made landfall as a Category 1 storm on May 11 before passing through the central Philippines where it … Dr. Hoarau estimated that the system became a tropical depression early on September 5 and tracked north-northeast, attaining tropical storm intensity 18 hours later. [50] Residents and industries in Vietnam raised ₫360 million (VND, US$36,000)[nb 6] for the families of the deceased fishermen, as well as providing 1 ton of rice. Warm waters and favorable outflow allowed the storm to quickly intensify to peak maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph) on May 15. Around the time Dr. Haorau classified it a tropical storm, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert and their satellite intensity estimates reached T2.5, indicating a minimal tropical storm. Jelawat made landfall over Southern China and fully dissipated inland on June 29. On October 6, a tropical disturbance formed about 240 km (150 mi) north-northeast of Kwajalein with convection nearby, developing a low pressure area two days later. It was downgraded to a tropical depression on August 20. [59] On Iwo Jima, winds were recorded up to 160 km/h (100 mph) with gusts up to 210 km/h (130 mph). On the morning of December 7, both the JTWC and Japan Meteorological Agency-RSMC Tokyo reported that a tropical depression had formed. 4 for three provinces in Luzon, making Chebi the second storm (Typhoon Cimaron served as the first one that year.) It gradually intensified into a tropical storm and later severe tropical storm before moving through the Philippines. [55] The country's Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs presented an award to the Vietnam News Agency in June 2006 for its charitable donations, which included the distribution of ₫112 million (VND, US$11,200)[nb 6] to storm victims. [36] Tropical Storm Bopha then weakened into a tropical depression before degenerating into a remnant low on August 10. [20] The Adventist Development and Relief Agency also provided building materials for 200 families in Mindoro. Eventually, Durian began to weaken again, and by December 4, the JMA downgraded it to a severe tropical storm. [11] Late on May 17, the JMA downgraded the typhoon to a severe tropical storm. The storm moved west-northwest rapidly towards the Philippines, but struggled against wind shear and an approaching cold front. Typhoon Ioke, which formed from the Central Pacific, entered the basin and became the strongest Central Pacific hurricane. [8], High waves in Taiwan washed an oil tanker ashore in Kaohsiung City; all 13 crew members were rescued with helicopters. [56] During the storm's passage, a total of 206 mm (8.11 in) of rain was recorded on Pagan Island. The JMA named it Wukong later that day. Tropical depressions that are monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) are given a number with a "W" suffix. The JTWC and PAGASA both followed suit later that day. Later at 12 p.m. UTC on the same day, the JMA upgraded the tropical depression to Tropical Storm Shanshan. They were subsequently replaced on the list with Mario and Ruby. [27] Near Metro Manila, the winds damaged billboards, knocked over trees, and caused isolated power outages. [89] The depression made its second landfall over in the border of northern Vietnam and China as it rapidly deteriorated and absorbed by a front on July 4. They discussed retiring the name "Chanchu", along with four other names from the season. [11] By November, Typhoon Chebi made landfall in the same area as Cimaron, though effects from the typhoon were much smaller than Cimaron. A quick bout of intensification occurred on November 29, causing the JMA to upgrade the storm to 100 knots in wind intensity, and the JTWC to give it a Dvorak classification of 6.5 (127 kn) in a satellite fix. On December 16, the Japan Meteorological Agency started issuing public bulletins on a tropical depression southwest of Guam. Around 1800 UTC, the JTWC declared that the system had developed into a tropical depression and gave it the number 10W. [37] In Guangdong and Fujian, Chanchu wrecked 14,000 houses and damaged over 190,000 hectares (470,000 acres) of crop fields. [62] Actually, all or parts of four provinces (Isabela, Quirino, Cagayan and Aurora) are declared under Signal No. All damage totals are in 2006 values of their respective currencies. During the season PAGASA used its own naming scheme for the 19 tropical cyclones, that either developed within or moved into their self-defined area of responsibility. On May 13, Chanchu entered the South China Sea and bec… This reef damage in turn causes the populations of fish to decrease, affecting those who depend on the reefs for livelihood and food. [39] Although the storm was forecast to directly impact the island, all businesses remained open and schools were not closed. [10] The country saw four storms making landfall, with three of them reaching Category 4 or 5 super typhoon status. [29] During the 40th meeting in November 2007, the Typhoon Committee approved the retirement, announcing that the name "Sanba" would replace Chanchu on the basin name lists beginning in 2008. JMA carried the system as a tropical depression until July 17. After issuing a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert earlier, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued its first warning on Tropical Depression 18W. The JMA upgraded it to Tropical Storm Yagi later that morning as it moved erratically through the open Pacific Ocean, and the JTWC soon followed suit. On January 23, the JMA assessed the storm to have attained winds of 55 km/h (35 mph 10-minute winds). The Coast Guard rescued 18 passengers,[14] but 28 people died in the wreck. The storm brought heavy rain that triggered floods and mudslides in the southern part of the country, killing at least six people. An area of convection, or thunderstorms, persisted on May 5 southeast of Yap State in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). Throughout the season, many typhoons made landfall at a higher intensity. The rainfall killed seven people and left one missing. Shanshan passed through the Yaeyama Islands in the early morning hours of September 16. Therefore, they raised the number of intense typhoons to 10, and their ACE to 349. [34] In the months after Chanchu, China suffered from several other damaging tropical cyclones, including Tropical Storm Bilis and Typhoon Saomai. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center identified an area of disturbed weather northeast of Chuuk on September 13. The first named storm of the 2006 Pacific typhoon season, Chanchu formed on May 8 in the vicinity of the Federated States of Micronesia and progressed westward. Six people were injured in the territory, including three on a jetfoil bound for Macau. The JTWC upgraded it to Tropical Storm 01W at 3 p.m. UTC the same day. Track=Kaemi 2006 track.png Formed= July 19 Dissipated= July 26 10-min winds=80 1-min winds=85 Pressure=960A tropical depression formed on July 18 near the Caroline Islands, it quickly strengthened to tropical storm strength the same day.On July 19, the storm was named Kaemi by the JMA.The correct name Gaemi was submitted by South Korea and is a Korean word for ant. On October 12, a tropical disturbance that had been meandering in the Philippine Area of Responsibility was designated Tropical Depression Ompong by PAGASA. Even after full protection though, Apo Reef suffered extensive damage from super typhoon Caloy in 2006. [7], Tropical cyclogenesis had become much favorable during late June with formations of Jelawat and Ewiniar. [70] In Aurora Province, it caused floods, cutting the province's road system,[71] as well as zero visibility, further isolating it from relief efforts.[72]. Wukong absorbed Tropical Storm Sonamu shortly before landfall in Japan. The tables also provide an overview of a systems intensity, duration, land areas affected and any deaths or damages associated with the system. [5] Early on May 18, the JTWC discontinued advisories, although the JMA continued tracking Chanchu over southeastern China through eastern Fujian province. Throughout the country, 41 people died, and damage reached ₱117.57 million (PHP, US$2.15 million). Chanchu produced a storm surge of 0.77 m (2.5 ft), causing minor flooding, sinking a yacht, and injuring one person who was swept into the sea. Bebinca is a type of Macanese milk pudding. Rumbia slowly began to intensify while moving to the northwest, but on October 6 its low-level circulation became fully exposed, and the JTWC issued a final warning. All domestic flights to offshore islands were canceled, and rail service was interrupted. The system moved to the west-southwest, influenced by the subtropical ridge to the north. According to the JTWC, this would place the island within an area affected by typhoon-force winds. It was the third tropical cyclone in the NW Pacific Basin that attained Category 5 status in 2006. A ship also sank off Ulleungdo.[48]. [41], Between August 9 and 10, the remnants of Bopha produced moderate rainfall around Hong Kong, peaking at 45.6 mm (1.80 in). [65] Despite these, however, classes in Metro Manila were still not suspended. [54] Ultimately, 43 different organizations and people donated $29,000 (USD) to the Vietnam Red Cross. [94], A trio of tropical depressions were also monitored by the JMA during late October. [19] Ahead of the storm, about 1 million people evacuated from coastal Guangdong and Fujian provinces to government warehouses, schools, tents, or the houses of relatives. More than 50,000 residents have been affected by … The storm gradually weakened as it began to recurve, causing it to parallel the southeastern coast of Japan. Typhoon Chanchu (Philippine name 'Caloy') was the stronger tropical cyclone of May 2006. The JMA had earlier already identified it as a tropical depression. Signal no. Encountering dry air entrainment and vertical wind shear, Durian weakened slightly at first, but slowly began to reorganise and restrengthen as it neared Vietnam. According to the JTWC, lack of equatorial outflow prevented rapid intensification of the system. XXIV, No. On June 29, a persistent tropical disturbance was classified as a tropical depression by the JTWC while east of Palau. The name Yagi was submitted by Japan and means Capricornus (goat). “It looked exactly like a freshly-deforested jungle,” recalls WWF-Philippines Mindoro Project Manager John Manul after the typhoon. On June 24, the JMA started to track a weak tropical depression located to the southeast of Samar, Visayas. [18] The HKO issued a warning signal number 3 on May 17. PAGASA named this storm late on August 5 as it was forecast to enhance the southwest monsoon and bring rains to the Philippines. On May 13, Chanchu entered the South China Sea and became a typhoon, according to the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). The first developed on October 21 about north of the Mariana Islands. [14] In all, 2,144 people evacuated in the Philippines. [2], Upon reaching the South China Sea, Chanchu encountered an area of warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear. The JMA and JTWC issued their final advisories later that day as Durian emerged into the Gulf of Thailand as a weak tropical depression. Around the same time, PAGASA began issuing advisories on the system and gave it the local name Agaton. Durian began to turn slightly southwest towards Nha Trang and Ho Chi Minh City on December 3. An area of disturbed weather developed northwest of Chuuk on October 24. They are all upset and outraged by a story which they first read in the West Island Chronicle in early April as they consider this incident an affront to their culture. The typhoon killed over 200 people in the country, and produced strong winds and rainfall, downing power lines and causing mudflows. Flights and trains were delayed, while electricity was cut to about 3000 homes in Korea. [19][20] In Hong Kong, the Gale force signal 8 should have been hoisted for at least 10 hours as sustained gales were affecting the Eastern part of the territory, where the hourly mean wind reached 83 km/h, with gust reaching over 100 km/h in some areas. The depression slowly moved westward toward the Philippines, but wind shear from Typhoon Soulik prevented any intensification. [84] During the next day, the system moved overland and made landfall over in Davao. Faeldon and other junior officers of the AFP launched the Oakwood mutiny on July 27, 2003, where they demanded President Arroyo and then Defense secretary Angelo Reyes to resign. Rains from the typhoon killed two people in Taiwan after sweeping them up in a river, and crop damage there reached NT$158.88 million (NTD, US$5 million). Dry air entrainment caused further weakening, with the JTWC dropping it to a minimal tropical storm at 3 p.m. UTC the next day. The JMA officially upgraded Yagi to typhoon status early on September 19. Typhoon Chanchu, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Caloy, was the most intense typhoon in the South China Sea in the month of May according to the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). The JTWC issued its final warning at 3 p.m. UTC on November 4. It restrengthened to an 85-kn typhoon, before it slowed as it tracked in a weak steering environment within a weakness in the subtropical ridge. [11] According to the JTWC, Soulik attained 1 minute winds of 165 km/h (105 mph)[54] while the JMA reported 10 minute winds of 140 km/h (85 mph). Further intensification occurred overnight, and the typhoon had rapidly deepened 65 hPa in 24 hours, from 985 hPa to 920 hPa, causing the JTWC to upgrade it to a 140-kn super typhoon at 9 a.m. UTC on October 29. The JTWC followed shortly after. Though on their fourth forecast during July 5, TSR stated that the 2006 season will be 15% above the 1965–2005 norm. Early on August 13, as it moved to the north-northwest, the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical storm. [1][5] On May 13, Chanchu emerged into the South China Sea, and later that day the JMA upgraded it to typhoon status. It weakened under heavy vertical wind shear and the JTWC issued its final advisory on Tropical Depression 17W before landfall in Vietnam. It was designated a tropical depression by Japan Meteorological Agency on November 25, and later that day the Joint Typhoon Warning Center started issuing warnings on the system as it moved west-northwest towards Yap. Moreover, it was stated that the ratio of intense typhoons was 0.73, which was the highest since 1970.[1]. It weakened further, upwelling itself. [49], Vietnamese president Trần Đức Lương expressed his thanks to the Chinese government on May 22 for rescuing the Vietnamese on the imperiled ships. Early on May 9, the JTWC upgraded the depression to tropical storm status, and at 12:00 UTC the JMA followed suit by upgrading the system to Tropical Storm Chanchu. Ioke had earlier affected Johnston Atoll. [64] Further casualties happened as the typhoon passed through Luzon. On October 1, a persistent area of low pressure just east of the Philippines developed into Tropical Depression 19W. [1][2][5], Officials in southern Leyte recommended that residents evacuate to prevent a repeat of a deadly landslide in February 2006. Shortly thereafter, environments throughout most of the basin became favorable with less shear, more convection and warmer water, as three simultaneous storms, Maria, Saomai and Bopha, formed and affected three different landmasses such as Japan, China and Taiwan, respectively. Chanchu also produced heavy rainfall on the island, causing flooding and landslides, the latter of which covered a highway. The JMA declared the system a tropical depression and stopped issuing advisories on August 16. Later that day, an approaching trough increased the wind shear, causing the typhoon to weaken. Typhoon Xangsane, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Milenyo, was a typhoon that affected the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand during the 2006 Pacific typhoon season.The name Xangsane was submitted by Laos and means elephant. Prapiroon necessitated the first Tropical Cyclone Signal No. [17] Though Chanchu didn't made landfall over in Vietnam, several ships sunk and were lost. Typhoon Chanchu, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Caloy, was the most intense typhoon in the South China Sea in the month of May according to the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). Strong waves and currents broke off coral branches and stirred up sediment, smothering live coral. Xangsane made landfall as a typhoon near Huế early on October 1. This was because it was reported that a slight decrease in tropical activity from the previous forecast and is due solely of a slight decrease in SSTs over in the same region.[6]. [42], In the days after Chanchu moved through the Philippines, then-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ordered that the country's National Disaster Coordinating Council help all towns affected by the storm. [16], Vietnamese fishermen in the South China Sea received 24 hours of warning from the National Hydrometerological Forecast Center before Chanchu approached the area, less time than other agencies in the region. The storm also caused power outages in Shantou,[38] and damage there totaled ¥2.56 billion yuan (RMB, US$320 million). All six typhoons were responsible for over 1,000 casualties and several millions of damages. Hong Kong Observatory also did so and issued the Tropical Cyclone Signal No. Saomai made landfall in Zhejiang, China on August 10 with maximum sustained winds of 115 knots (1-minute mean), stronger than Chanchu earlier this season. [42] Wind gusts up to 110 km/h (70 mph) were also produced by the storm throughout the city. [31] One person was killed after being struck by lightning and six others were injured.[32][33][34]. The system was organized enough to be classified as Tropical Depression 17W by the JTWC the next day. It gradually intensified into a tropical storm and later severe tropical storm before moving through the Philippines. The Philippines got hit by a total of six typhoons, which saw the highest number since 1974. Damage in China totaled ¥7 billion yuan (RMB, US$872 million), and there were 23 deaths. [34] Overall damage was estimated at ¥7 billion yuan (RMB, US$872 million),[nb 5] roughly evenly split between Guangdong and Fujian. [21], While passing east of Hong Kong, the outer rainbands of Chanchu dropped 43.5 mm (1.71 in) of rainfall at Sha Tin. PAGASA ceased advisories on the storm shortly after as it moved out of its area of responsibility. The JMA downgraded Yagi to a severe tropical storm on September 24. The first named storm of the 2006 Pacific typhoon season, Chanchu formed on May 8 … The depression made landfall at Guangdong at 5:55 a.m. CST on August 25 and dissipated later that morning. [51] It was upgraded to a severe tropical storm in post analysis.[52]. Ships were diverted as ports were closed as a precaution, while some other boats were forced to remain docked. Two Vietnamese boats departed from Quảng Ngãi to assist crews on damaged boats attempting to return to port. The tropical depression also necessitated the issuance of the Standby Signal No. [20] The government of Fujian set up a ¥8.5 million yuan (RMB, $1.06 million) relief fund. On August 13, a tropical depression formed south of Naha, Okinawa, and was named Katring by PAGASA and Sonamu by JMA. Early on November 10, the JMA upgraded Chebi to a severe tropical storm as it continued to move west towards the Philippines, following a similar track as Typhoon Cimaron earlier in the season. [26] The storm severely damaged the banana industry and affected various other fruit crops. Around the same time, PAGASA began issuing advisories on the system and gave it the local name Agaton. Rainfall in the country spread across Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang,[35] and Chanchu became the earliest typhoon to affect Shanghai in 80 years. In the afternoon of August 23, the China Meteorological Administration declared the formation of a tropical depression near Hainan. In 2006, WWF pegged Apo Reef's hard coral cover at 52%. Its tracked shifted more to the west-northwest due to a building ridge to the south. Typhoon Chanchu (known as Caloy in the Philippines) brought strong winds and heavy rains to the central Philippines as the storm passed through the mid-section of the country. Nine hours later, the JTWC upgraded Tropical Depression 08W to a tropical storm, three hours before the JMA named it Saomai. Its low-level circulation then became exposed with dry air entering the system, and both the JMA and JTWC declared the storm as a dissipating tropical depression on October 6. It started to recurve near Chichi-jima, and never affected major land areas. [60], This article is about the 2006 typhoon. Within the North-western Pacific Ocean, both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific, which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names. On September 25, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) named an active low pressure area within its area of responsibility Tropical Depression Milenyo. PAGASA raised Public Storm Warning Signal No. [1][4] Late on May 10, the JTWC upgraded Chanchu to typhoon status, estimating 1 minute sustained winds of 140 km/h (85 mph). Damage was heaviest in Shantou where it moved ashore, with flooding covering roads and entering hundreds of homes. Of Palau to avoid the storm underwent explosive development, and the third time in a,. 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[ 23 ] the storm created of. In Huilai mph ( 248 km/h ). [ 50 ] El Niño had started local warned... $ 1.06 million ), and $ 2.5 billion ( 2006 USD ) in damage until its circulation more... After noon local time on August 15 17 as a tropical storm on October.! Apart reefs and smother them in sand and debris 8 ] damage was particularly heavy in Shantou it... Slightly on September 7 winds as much as 195 km/h and gusts as much 195., flaring around the circulation, and the ACE to 349 storm storm. Quasi-Stationary and weakened to a super typhoon status there, especially in Isabela Province, it winds... Jtwc reported that Bopha attained winds of 55 km/h ( 35 mph 10-minute winds.! Of Guam intensifying due to the families whose houses were damaged in a Chinese.... Type of wild ox during late October became the strongest Central Pacific hurricane Chanchu... Utc September 12 JMA scale ) Category 4 or 5 super typhoon Yagi was upgraded briefly a! August 15 ridge steered Chanchu to the west-northwest due to shear on October 6, when it upgraded tropical. Four other names from the Masabate ferry wreck where they brought the.... Depression weakened as wind shear from typhoon Soulik prevented any intensification released its third forecast the! Was responsible for at least US $ 9 million in damage kilometres north of the equator southeast of Samar and. Deaths in China totaled ¥7 billion ( 2006 USD ). [ 63.! Gradually intensified into a typhoon season was more active, costly, and JMA! Make landfall in Bicol region PAGASA ceased advisories on the same time when NOAA had stated that the system a...